Parts 1 and 2 measure fluent decoding speed at reading signs and counting star (signs with and without phonetic associations).
Parts 3 and 4 are measures of prefrontal control and flexibility based on (3) inhibiting a competing reading response (Stroop effect) and
(4) switching between two competing responses (Bohnen effect).

FDT does not explore the Default Mode Network (DMN) of the whole brain at rest, but only its Dorsal Attention Network (DAN).
Scores show only the functioning of the GAS PEDAL and the GEAR BOX of the brain.

A and B: visual search and mental tracking with delayed responses (as in the T.M.T.)
1, 2, 3 : processing speed, executive speed, switching speed (as in the F.D.T.).

FIGURE II: DIRECTIONS FOR THE TRIAL ITEMS ON TRAIL B.

(VISUAL AND MENTAL TRACKING WITH DELAYED RESPONSES).

Who also adopted the stupendous “switching situation” (originally created by Bohnen. N., Twijnstra, A. & Jolles, J. in 1992 and adapted in 1995 by the FDT to a fresh-new numerical presentation) to her classical D-KEFS Battery (Delis, D., Kaplan, E. F. & Cramer, J., 2001). The reference to the three original authors on page 385 of the D-KEFS battery (taken from Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 1992, 85 (2): 116-121) may be partially misquoted, but reproduces a complete copy of the original 1992 Bohnen & al. switching situation. FIVE DIGIT TEST introduced its “digital, prereading, omnilingual adaptation” of the Bohnen & al 1992 situation through the reading and counting of groups of digits. It was first presented in in 1995 in Angers (France) at the XVII Midyear Conference of the International Neuropsychological Society, under the title: Sedó, M., A., Levenson, R. & Leonard, A. Reading-Free Stroop Interference Tests: Automatic and Effortful Processing tasks. JINS, 1995, 1 (2) 1993. FIVE DIGIT TEST was also presented to the Scientific Fair of the Massachusetts Neuropsychological Society (Boston) as: Sedo, M.A. (1996) Experimental and conventional Stroop and Trail-Making Tests. In the following years, research pieces were published by researchers in Argentina, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Greece, Poland, Spain, Taiwan, Venezuela, Zurich, etc, including research pieces in indigenous languages such as Mayan, Nahuatl and Zapotecan; comparison of healthy and MCI illiterate subjects (Buenos Aires); research in Andean Argentina with unmedicated schizophrenic patients, siblings and neighbors. Initial journal papers were only published in 2001 (Revista Española de Neuropsicología, 3, 3: 68-82) and 2004 (Revista Española de Neurología, 38, 9, 824-828). In 2004, “Five Digit Test” was awarded the initial Edith B. Kaplan Award of the Massachusetts Neuropsychological Association. Editions of the test FDT were published by TEA Ediciones, Madrid (2007) and Sao Paulo CETEPP/HOGREFE (2-15). The second Spanish edition is being prepared at this time (2019).

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